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Somaliland Civil Law - The Somali Civil Code Background Until the mid 1970s, the laws applying to Somaliland in the main areas of civil laws (such civil obligations) were the pre 1960 Somaliland Protectorate Laws which were still current in the short lived independent State of Somaliland under its June 1960 Constitution. Various Somaliland Orders in Council from 1899 extended the application of Indian and British laws to Somaliland, which included among other laws those mentioned in section 42 of the 1960 State of Somaliland Constitution and listed in Schedule 2, such as the (Indian) Contract Act 1872, the Limitation Act 1908, the Transfer of Property Act 1882 and the Land Acquisition Act 1894 and of course their subsequent amendments. As in all common law countries, much of the civil legislation was not codified and so therefore under section 16 of the Somaliland Order in Council 1929 (as well as in prior repealed orders), the Somaliland earlier ‘Protectorate Court’ which became later the Somaliland ‘High Court’ (the highest court in the territory) was permitted, in so far as circumstances admitted, to exercise civil (and criminal) jurisdiction on the principles of and in conformity with the ‘enactments for the time being applicable in India, and so far as such enactments are inapplicable’ to exercise them ‘under and in accordance with the common and statute law of England’. Many issues, such as ‘tort’ (civil wrongs) could be dealt with under these laws or common law, but section 12 of the 1929 Order in Council also made room for Somali customary law and Islamic law (referred to in the early legislation as ‘Native law’) by stating that in all cases, civil or criminal, involving Somalis, every court ‘(a) shall be guided by native law so far as it is applicable and is not repugnant to justice and morality or inconsistent with any Order in Council or Ordinance, and (b) shall decide all such cases according to substantial justice, without excessive regard to technicalities of procedure or undue delay’. This meant that many of the civil claims which arise under contract law or more importantly under tort (civil wrongs) could be (and were) dealt with under customary and Islamic laws at mainly in Subordinate Courts (from 1944 or before that in Akils’ Courts), in respect of customary law issues, and in the Kadis Courts, in respect of Islamic Sharia laws relating to personal and family law matters. On union with Somalia in July 1960, these laws continued to be applied in Somaliland in, from 1962 (Organisation of the Judiciary Law) unified single courts of first instance at district or regional level and at the two appellate courts (one for the Northern Regions (Somaliland) and one for the Southern Regions (Somalia), and finally at the Supreme Court. The courts were all enjoined under Article 9 of the 1962 Organisation of the Judiciary Law (Law No. 3 of 12 June 1962) to apply ‘(a) the Shariat law or Customary law in civil controversies where the cause of action has arisen under said law; (b) statutory law in all other matters’. This meant that the courts were unified but although there was still a bifurcation between sharia law or customary law on the one hand and statutory law on the other, Article 98(1) of the 1960 Constitution stressed that the latter, statutory law, ‘and provisions having the force of law shall conform to the Constitution and to the general principles of Islam’. Whilst the criminal laws of Somaliland and Somalia were integrated in the early to mid 1960s, primarily to avoid too many disparities in the treatment of offenders in the two territories, no such integration was achieved in the civil and commercial laws, as well as in the legal profession until well into the 1970s (and not even them in some areas). Throughout the 1960s (and the early 1970s), therefore, the former Somalia Regions applied the Italian Civil Code and Italian Civil Procedure Code, whilst the former Somaliland Regions applied various Indian and British laws and customary/Islamic laws and the Indian Civil Code of Procedure in civil law areas, until mid 1973 when the Somali Civil Code (and, in 1974, the Civil Procedure Code) was adopted. This meant that until the military coup of 21 October 1969, the Somali Republic Supreme Court cases which arose from cases from the former Somaliland regions were presided over by a judge conversant with Somaliland laws and for most of the 1960s this was an Indian judge, Haji N A Noor Muhammad (and Vice-President of the Court), and for short period before the coup by a UK trained judge (and, by 1969, President of the Court). On reassertion of its sovereignty in May 1991 and the establishment of peace after the long war, Somaliland started to re-build its political and legal institutions. The Somaliland Charter of 25 April 1993 (Article 31(1), was specific in wiping away, at a stroke, the former Somalia dictator’s laws, and stated that ‘laws in force before 20 October 1969 and which do not conflict with the Islamic Sharia, the rights of individuals and fundamental freedoms shall be implemented in the territory of the Republic of Somaliland’. As it became clear that some laws passed during the 20 year dictatorship may take longer to replace, the 1997 Somaliland Interim Constitution (Article 151(7) accepted that all the laws which were in force then and which did not conflict with the Islamic Sharia and/or fundamental rights and freedoms shall remain in force until the promulgation of laws which are in accord with the Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland. This formula was repeated in Article 130(5) of the final 2000 Somaliland Constitution (the Somaliland Constitution) adopted at the national referendum in May 2001. This was based on pragmatism, and meant that the main codes issued in the 1960s democratic government and the non-security related or other legislation passed during the dictatorship would continue to be in use until such time there was an opportunity to change them and subject to their provisions passing the test of conformity with both Sharia and fundamental rights and freedoms and with the Somaliland sovereignty related provisions of the law. Such Codes and laws will have to be therefore read with the fundamental provisions of the Somaliland Constitution., and all references to the Somali Republic are read as referring to the Republic of Somaliland. The 1973 Somali Civil Code The Somali Civil Code (Law No: 37 of 2 June 1973) entered into force on 1 July 1973. The Civil Code is very much based (almost word for word in most of its provisions) on the Egyptian Code 1948, which influenced many of the other Arab Civil Codes. The Egyptian Civil Code was drafted by a special committee presided by Prof. Abdel-Razzak Al-Sanhouri, who stated that they had considered more than 20 civil codes as well as Islamic Sharia and consulted many jurists, over a number of years until the Code was finally enacted in 1948 and came into force on 15 October 1949. The Code and Al-Sanhouris’s his seminal commentaries have formed the basis of many other Arab Civil Codes. The Somali Code does not cover issues of personal law and is shorter than the 1948 Egyptian Code, but it covers the whole gamut of civil law including obligations (contract law and tort), property law ( real and personal) etc, and consists of 958 articles. As no English language translation of the 1973 Somali Code was done, and the Somali text currently available is a large scanned copy, I have set out below firstly full copies (large pdf files) of the original Official Bulletin texts of the Civil Code in Arabic and in Italian:
As for the Somali Text of the Civil Code, a scanned copy of the Code divided into smaller files [for downloading] is available below. The Chapter Headings of the Code (in Somali) and translated into English are also set out in the table below which should give a good understanding of the contents of not only the whole Code, but also its different chapters. Aspects of the Code such as the provisions on conflicts of laws; legal personality; Obligations (contract and tort); and some main provisions relating to real property and mortgages will, in due course, be covered in separate linked pages in Somali and English. XEERKA MADANIGA – CIVIL CODE: Law No. 37 of 2 June 1973 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHAPTERS & SOMALI TEXT
SOMALI ENGLISH (Unofficial Translation) Somali Text AABKA GOGOL DHIGGA AH: QODOBBA GUUD AH MADAXA I: Xeerarka iyo ku dhaqankooda QAYBTA I: Xeerka iyo Xaqa (Arts. 1 – 5) QAYBTA II: Dabaqidda Xeerka iska horimaadka xeerka xagga waqtiga (Arts. 6 -9) Iska horimaadka xeerka xagga Dhulka (Arts. 10 – 28) MADAXA II: Shakhsiyadnimada QAYBTA I: Dadka (Shakhsiyaad dabiici ah) (Arts. 29 – 51) [QAYBTA 2: Shakhsiyad Qaanuuni ah] (Arts. 52 – 80) MADAXA III: Qaybinta Mootka iyo Hantida (Arts. 81 – 87) WAAXDA I: WAAJIBAADKA IYO XUQUUQDA SHAKHSIGA AH BUUGGA I: WAAJIBAADKA GUUD AHAAN BAABKA I: ILAHA WAAJIBAADKA MADAXA I: Heshiiska QAYBTA I: Tiirarka Heshiiska (Arts. 88 – 141) QAYBTA II: Waxyaabaha ka dhasha heshiiska (Arts. 142 – 153) AYBTA III: Dhammaanshaha heshiiska (Arts. 154 – 158) MADAXA II: Rabidda dhinaca kaliyeedka ah (Arts. 158) MADAXA III: Falka xaaraanta ah QAYBTA I: Mas'uuliyadda Falka qof ahaaneed (Arts. 160 – 169) QAYBTA II: Mas'uuliyadda ka timaada fal qof kale (Arts. 170 – 172) QAYBTA III: Mas'uuliyadda xagga ashiyaa'da (Arts. 173 – 175) MADAXA IV: Yeelasho xoolo ee ku timaada sabab la'aan (Arts. 176 – 177) QAYBTA I: Bixinta aanan la muteysan (Arts. 178 – 184) QAYBTA II: Maamulid Macaamileed Arts. 185 – 194) MADAXA V: Xeerka (Art. 195) BAABKA II: WAXYAABAHA KA DHASHA WAAJIBAADKA (Arts. 196 – 199) MADAXA I: Gudasho dabiici ah (Arts. 200 – 211) MADAXA II: Gudasho isu dhiganta (Arts. 212 – 230) MADAXA III: Jidadka lagu xaqiijinayo iyo kuwa lagu dammaanaya xuquuqda deynleyaasha (Art. 231) QAYBTA I: Jidadka xaqiijintaa (Arts. 232 – 242) QAYBTA II: Tallaabooyin dammaaneed xaqa ceshasada (Art. 243 – 245) QAYBTA III: Awood la'aanta bixinta deynta (Arts. 246 – 261) BAABKA III: HABKA WAAJIBKA MADAXA I: Shuruudo iyo Muddooyin QAYBTA I: Shuruudo (Arts. 262 – 267) QAYBTA II: Muddooyin (Arts. 268 – 271) [MADAXA II: Badnaanta QAYBTA I: Waajibaadka la kala doorankaro (Arts. 272 – 274) QAYBTA II : Waajibaadka Ikhtiyaariga ah (Arts. 275) [Maaha Qaybta III] MADAXA III: Badnaanta dadka uu waajibka saaran yahay QAYBTA I: Isbahaysiga deynleyaasha ama deynqabayaalka (Arts. 276 – 296) QAYBTA II: Ma kala qaybsantada (Arts. 297 – 299) BAABKA IV: WAREEJINTA WAAJIBKA MADAXA I: Wareejinta xaqa deynka (Arts. 300 – 311) MADAXA II: Wareejinta deynta (Arts. 312 - 319) BAABKA V: DHICIDDA WAAJIBAADKA MADAXA I: Gudashada QAYBTA I: Dhinacyada gudashada (Arts. 320 – 337) QAYBTA II: Sheyga la[siyaabaha loo] gudaayo (Arts. 338 - 346) MADAXA II: Hababka dhicidda waajibka ee la midka ah gudidda QAYBTA I: Bixin wax u dhigma (Arts. 347 – 348) QAYBTA II: Cusbooneyn iyo wakiilashada (Arts. 349 – 358) QAYBTA III: Isu tuuridda Waajibka (Arts. 359 – 366) QAYBTA IV: Midoobidda (Art. 367) MADAXA III: Waajibka oo dhamaada gudid la'aan QAYBTA I: Ka beri yeelidda (Arts. 368 – 369) QAYBTA II: Suuragalid la'aanta gudidda (Art. 370) QAYBTA III: Gubashada ridda xaqa (Arts. 371 –385) BAABKA VI: CADDEYMADA WAAJIBKA (Art. 386) MADAXA I: Sugid qoraaleed (Arts. 387 – 396) MADAXA II: Sugitaanka Markhaatiyeed (Arts. 397 – 400) MADAXA III: U maleyn (Arts. 401 – 404) MADAXA IV: Qirashada (Arts. 405 – 406) MADAXA V: Dhaar (Arts. 407 – 414) BUUGGA II: HESHIISYADA MAGACAABAN BAABKA I: HESHIISYADA CEYNTA MADAXA I: Gudid [Iib] QAYBTA I: Gudidda guud ahaan (Arts. 415 – 461) QAYBTA II: Guddidda qaarkeed (Arts. 462 – 478) MADAXA II: Isku beddelasho alaabeed (Arts. 479 – 482) MADAXA III: Siismo QAYBTA II: Tiirarka Siismada (Arts. 483 – 489) QAYBTA II: Siismada raadkeeda (Arts. 490 – 496) QAYBTA III: Ka noqoshada siismada (Arts. 497 – 501) MADAXA IV: Shuraakadda (Arts. 502 – 504) MADAXA V: Amaah (Arts. 505 – 511) MADAXA VI: Sulux QAYBTA I: Tiirarka Suluxa (Arts. 512 – 515) QAYBTA II: Raadka suluxa (Arts. 516 – 518) QAYBTA III : Baabi'inta suluxa (Arts. 519 – 520) BAABKA II: HESHIISYADA KU SAABSAN KU INTIFAACIDDA ALAABTA MADAXA I: Kirada QAYBTA: Kirada guud ahaan (Arts. 521 – 569) QAYBTA II: Ijaarka dhulka Beeraha (Arts. 570 – 573) MADAXA II: Ergashada QAYBTA I: Waajibaadka laga ergadaha (Arts. 575 – 577) QAYBTA II: Waajibaadka ergadaha (Arts. 578 – 581) QAYBTA III: Dhammaadka ergashada (Arts. 582 – 584) BAABKA III: HESHIISYADA KU SAABSAN GUDASHADA HAWLAHA MADAXA I: Heshiiska dhismaha iyo siismada hawlaha guud QAYBTA I: Heshiiska dhismaha (Arts. 585 – 604) MADAXA II: Heshiiska shaqada (Arts. 605 – 606) MADAXA III: Wakaaladda QAYBTA I: Tiirarka Wakaaladda (Arts. 607 – 610) QAYBTA II: Raadadka Wakaaladda (Arts. 611 – 621) QAYBTA III: Dhammaadka Wakaaladda (Arts. 622 – 625) MADAXA IV: Dhigasho (Art. 626) QAYBTA I: Waajibaadka qof wax la ag dhiganaayo (Arts. 627 – 631) QAYBTA II: Waajibaadka qofka wax dhigtay (Art. 632) MADAXA V: Xaraash (Arts. 634 –641) BAABKA IV: HESHIISYADA NASIIBKA MADAXA I: Ciyaarta iyo sharadka (Arts. 642 – 643) MADAXA II: Heshiiska ceymiska (Arts. 644 – 650) BAABKA V: DAMMAANADDA MADAXA I: Tiirarka dammaanadda MADAXA II: Raadadka dammaanadda (Arts. 651 – 660) QAYBTA I: Xiriirka u dhaxeeya qofka wax dammaanay iyo deynlaha (Arts. 661 – 676) QAYBTA II: Xiriirka u dhaxeeya qofka wax dammaanay iyo deynqabaha (Arts. 677 – 680) WAAXDA II: XUQUUQDA CEYNTA AH BUUGGA III: XUQUUQDA CEYNIGA EE ASALKA AH BAABKA I: XAQA LAHAANSHAHA MADAXA I: Xaqa lahaanshada guud ahaan QAYBTA I: Ujeeddada xaqa (Arts. 681 – 682) QAYBTA II: Dhimidda xaqa lahaanshada (Arts. 683 – 697) QAYBTA III: Isla wadaag (Arts. 698 – 718) Madaxa II: Hababka lagu yeesho milkiyadda QAYBTA I: Qabashada sheyaalka guurto [amma maguurtada] ah oo cidna milkiyadooda lahayn (Arts. 719 – 723) QAYBTA II: Dhaxalka iyo khaarijinta (Arts. 724 – 725) QAYBTA III: Dardaaranka (Arts. 726 – 728) QAYBTA IV: Ku darsamid maguurto (Arts. 729 – 741) QAYBTA V: Heshiis (Arts. 742 – 744) QAYBTA VI: Shufca (Arts. 745 – 756) QAYBTA VII: Heysashada (Arts. 757 - 791) BAABKA II: XUQUUQDA KU DHISAN MILKIYADDA MADAXA I: Manafaceysi ku dhisan milkiyadda QAYBTA I: Manfaceysi (Arts. 792 – 802) QAYBTA II: Xaqa ku dhaqanka iyo Xaqa degidda (Arts. 803 – 805) MADAXA II: Xaqa u adeegidda (servitude) (Arts. 806 – 820) BUUGGA IV: XUQUUQDA CEYNTA AH EE RAACSAN DAMMANADYADA CEYNTA AH BAABKA I: RAHAN (Art. 821) MADAXA I: Dhismaha Rahanka (Arts. 822 – 833) MADAXA II: Raadadka Rahanka QAYBTA I: Raadadka Xagga diiinacyada Rahmidda (Arts. 834 – 843) QAYBTA II: Raadadka rahanka xagga dadka kale (Arts. 844 – 871) MADAXA III: Dhammaadka rahmidda (Arts. 872 – 874) BAABKA II: XAQ GAAR AHAANEED MADAXA I: Dhisidda xaqa gaar ahaaneedka (Arts. 875 – 882) MADAXA II: Raadadka xaqa gaar ahaaneed, dhimiddiisa iyo dhammaadkiisa (Arts. 883 – 884) BAABKA II: RAHMIDDA HAYSASHADA MADAXA I: Tiirarka rahmidda haysashada (Arts. 885 –887) MADAXA II: Raadadka rahamidda haysashada QAYBTA I: Raadadka laba dhinac, Waajibaadka rahmaha (Arts. 888 – 891) Wajibaadka Deynlaha wax loo rahmay (Arts. 892 – 897) QAYBTA II: Raadka xagga saddexaad (Arts. 898 – 900) MADAXA III: Dhammaadka rahmidda haysashada (Arts. 901 – 902) MADAXA IV: Noocyo ka mid ah rahmidda haysashada QAYBTA I: Rahmiddad maguurtada (Arts. 903 – 905) QAYBTA II: Rahmiddda guurtada (Arts. 906 – 911) QAYBTA III: Rahmidda amaahda (Arts. 912 – 917) BAABKA IV: XUQUUQDA HORUMARINTA MADAXA I: Axkaan guud (Arts. 918 – 924) MADAXA II: Noocyo ka mid ah xaqa kala hormarinta (Art. 925) QAYBTA I: Xuquuqda Kala hormarinta guud iyo xuquuqda kala hormarinta gaarka ah ee ku dhaca guurtada (Arts. 926 - 934) QAYBTA II: Horumarinta gaarka ah ee dulsaaran maguurtada (Arts. 935 - 937) BUUGGA V: DHOWRIDDA XUQUUQDA IYO FAAFINTA BAABKA I: DIIWAANGELIN MADAXA I: Diiwaangelinta qoraallada hantida maguurtooyinka (Arts. 938 – 949) MADAXA II: Faafinta Buugagga maguurtooyinka (Art. 950) MADAXA III: Diiwaangelinta qoraalada ku saabsan guurtooyinka qaarkood (Art. 951) BAABKA II: DIIWAANGELINT RAHANKA MADAXA I: Qaababka diiwaangelinta cusbooneynta iyo tirtiridda rahanka (Arts. 952 – 954) BAABKA III: DIIWAANNADA MAGUURTOOYINKA MADAXA I: Noocyada diiwaangelinta maguurtada (Arts. 955 – 958) PRELIMINARY TITLE: GENERAL PROVISIONS Chapter I: Laws and their application Section 1: The law and rights (Arts. 1 – 5) Section 2: The application of conflict Laws in respect of time (Arts. 6 -9) Conflict of laws in respect of place (Arts. 10 – 28) Chapter II: Personality Section 1: Individuals (physical persons) (Arts. 29 – 51) Section 2: Legal persons (Arts. 52 – 80) Chapter III: Classification of things and property (Arts. 81 – 87) PART ONE: OBLIGATIONS AND PERSONAL RIGHTS BOOK ONE: OBLIGATIONS IN GENERAL TITLE ONE: SOURCE OF OBLIGATIONS Chapter I: Contract Section 1: Elements of the contract (Arts. 88 – 141) Section 2: Effect of the contract (Arts. 142 – 153) Section 3: Performance of the contract (Arts. 154 – 158) Chapter II: Unilateral undertakings (Arts. 158) Chapter III: Unlawful acts Section 1: Liability for personal acts (Arts. 160 – 169) Section 2: Liability for acts of another person (Arts. 170 – 172) Section 3: Liability in relation to things (Arts. 173 – 175) Chapter IV: Unjust enrichment (Arts. 176 – 177) Section 1: Payment not due (Arts. 178 – 184) Section 2: Voluntary Agency (Arts. 185 – 194) Chapter V: The Law (Art. 195) TITLE TWO: THE EFFECTS OF OBLIGATIONS (Arts. 196 – 199) Chapter I: Specific performance (Arts. 200 – 211) Chapter II: Compensation in lieu of performance (Arts. 212 – 230) Chapter III: Means of realising and securing the rights of creditors (Art. 231) Section 1: Means of realisation (Arts. 232 – 242) Section 2: Means of security – right of retention (Art. 243 – 245) Section 3: Insolvency (Arts. 246 – 261) TITLE THREE: NATURE OF OBLIGATIONS Chapter I: Conditions and time limits Section 1: Conditions (Arts. 262 – 267) Section 2: Time limits (Arts. 268 – 271) Chapter II: Plurality of Objects (title in Italian text) Section 1: Alternative Obligations (Arts. 272 – 274) Section 2: Facultative Obligations (Arts. 275) Chapter III: Plurality of parties to an obligation Section 1: Joinder (Arts. 276 – 296) Section 2: Indivisibility (Arts. 297 – 299) TITLE FOUR: TRANSFER OF OBLIGATIONS Chapter I: Assignment of Credit (Arts. 300 – 311) Chapter II: Assignment of Debt (Arts. 312 – 319) TITLE FIVE: EXTINCTION OF THE OBLIGATION Chapter I: Payment Section 1: Parties to the payment (Arts. 320 – 337) Section 2: Means of payment (Arts. 338 - 346) Chapter II: Modes of extinction of the obligation equivalent to performance Section 1: In lieu of payment (Arts. 347 – 348) Section 2: Novation and delegation (Arts. 349 – 358) Section 3: Compensation (set off) (Arts. 359 – 366) Section 4: Merger (Art. 367) Chapter III: The Extinction of Obligations without Payment Section 1: Release of obligation (Arts. 368 – 369) Section 2: Impossibility of performance (Art. 370) Section 3: Extinctive prescription (Arts. 371 –385) TITLE SIX: PROOF OF OBLIGATION (Art. 386) Chapter I: Documentary evidence (Arts. 387 – 396) Chapter II: Witness evidence (Arts. 397 – 400) Chapter III: Presumptions (Arts. 401 – 404) Chapter IV: Admissions (Arts. 405 – 406) Chapter V: Oaths (Arts. 407 – 414) BOOK TWO: SPECIFIC CONTRACT TITLE ONE: CONTRACTS RELATING TO PROPERTY Chapter I: Sale Section 1: Sales in general (Arts. 415 – 461) Section 2: Different forms of sale (Arts. 462 – 478) Chapter II: Exchange (Arts. 479 – 482) Chapter III: Gifts Section 1: Elements of a gift (Arts. 483 – 489) Section 2: Effects of a gift (Arts. 490 – 496) Section 3: Revocation of a gift (Arts. 497 – 501) Chapter IV: Partnership contracts (Arts. 502 – 504) Chapter V: Loans (Arts. 505 – 511) Chapter VI: Compromise Section 1: Elements of compromise (Arts. 512 – 515) Section 2: Effects of compromise (Arts. 516 – 518) Section 3: Nullity of compromise (Arts. 519 – 520) TITLE TWO: CONTRACTS RELATING TO THE USE OF A THING Chapter I: Leases Section 1: Leases generally (Arts. 521 – 569) Section 2: Leases of agricultural land (Arts. 570 – 573) Chapter II: Loan for use (Arts. 574) Section 1: Obligations of the lender (Arts. 575 – 577) Section 2: Obligations of the borrower (Arts. 578 – 581) Section 3: Termination of the loan for use (Arts. 582 – 584) TITLE THREE: CONTRACTS FOR THE PROVISION OF SERVICES Chapter I: Contracts for building work and concessions for public services Section 1: Building Contracts (Arts. 585 – 604) Chapter II: Contracts for work (Arts. 605 – 606) Chapter III: Mandate Section 1: Elements of mandate (Arts. 607 – 610) Section 2: Effect of a mandate (Arts. 611 – 621) Section 3: End of a mandate (Arts. 622 – 625) Chapter IV: Deposit (Art. 626) Section 1: Obligations of the depositary (Arts. 627 – 631) Section 2: Obligations of the depositor (Art. 632) Chapter V: Sequestration (Arts. 634 –641) TITLE FOUR: ALEATORY CONTRACTS Chapter I: Gaming and betting (Arts. 642 – 643) Chapter II: Contract of insurance (Arts. 644 – 650) TITLE FOUR: SURETYSHIP Chapter I: Elements of suretyship (Arts. 651 – 660) Chapter II: Effects of suretyship Section 1: Relationship between the surety and the creditor (Arts. 661 – 676) Section 2: Relationship between the surety and the debtor (Arts. 677 – 680) PART TWO: LAW OF REAL PROPERTY BOOK THREE: PRINCIPAL REAL RIGHTS TITLE ONE: RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP Chapter I: Right of ownership in general Section 1: Extent of the right (Arts. 681 – 682) Section 2: Restrictions of right of ownership (Arts. 683 – 697) Section 3: Joint ownership (Arts. 698 – 718) Chapter II: Mode of acquisition of property Section 1: Acquisition by appropriation Appropriation of movables without an owner (Arts. 719 – 722) Appropriation of immovables without an owner (Arts. 723) Section 2: Succession and winding up of an estate (Arts. 724-725) Section 3: Testamentary disposition (Arts. 726 – 728) Section 4: Acquisition by accession (Arts. 729 – 741) Section 5: Contract (Arts. 742 – 744) Section 6: Pre-emption (Arts. 745 – 756) Section 7: Possession (Arts. 757 – 791) TITLE TWO: RIGHTS DERIVED FROM THE RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP Chapter I: The right of usufruct, the right of the user and the right of occupation Section 1: Usufruct (Arts. 792 – 802) Section 2: The right of user and occupation (Arts. 803 – 805) Chapter II: Servitudes (Arts. 806 – 820) BOOK FOUR: ACCESSORY REAL RIGHTS OR REAL SECURITIES TITLE ONE: MORTGAGES (Art. 821) Chapter I: Constitution of mortgages (Arts. 822 – 833) Chapter II: Effects of mortgages Section 1: Effects on the parties (Arts. 834 – 843) Section 2: Effects on third parties (Arts. 844 – 871) Chapter III: Extinguishment of the mortgage (Arts. 872 – 874) TITLE TWO: RIGHTS OF ASSIGNMENTS Chapter I: Constitution of the rights of assignments (Arts. 875 – 882) Chapter II: Effects, diminution and extinguishment of the rights of assignments (Arts. 883 – 884) TITLE THREE: PLEDGES Chapter I: Elements of a pledge (Arts. 885 –887) Chapter II: Effects of pledges Section 1: Effect on the two parties – Obligations on the pledgor (Arts. 888 – 891) Obligations on the pledgee (Arts. 892 – 897) Section 2: Effects on third parties (Arts. 898 – 900) Chapter III: Extinguishment of a pledge (Arts. 901 – 902) Chapter IV: Certain kinds of pledges Section 1: Pledge of an immovable (Antichresis) (Arts. 903 – 905) Section 2: Pledge of a movable (Arts. 906 – 911) Section 3: Pledge of debts (Arts. 912 – 917) TITLE FOUR: PRIVILEGED RIGHTS Chapter I: General Provisions (Arts. 918 – 924) Chapter II: Certain kinds of privileges (Art. 925) Section 1: General privileges and special privileges in relation to movables (Arts. 926 – 934) Section 2: Special privileges in relation to immovables (Arts. 935 – 937) BOOK FIVE: PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND PUBLICATION TITLE ONE: REGISTRATION Chapter I: Registration of documents relating to immovable (Arts. 938 – 949) Chapter II: Publication of documents relating to immovables (Art. 950) Chapter III: Registration of documents relating to some movables (Art. 951) TITLE TWO: REGISTRATION OF MORTGAGES Chapter I: Procedures for registration, renewal and cancellation of mortgages (Arts. 952 – 954) TITLE THREE: Registers of Immovables Chapter I: Classification of the Registers of Immovables (Arts. 955 – 958) ARTICLES
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